Vitamin K serves as a coenzyme for the gamma-carboxylase enzyme, which is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors, including factors II, VII, IX, and X. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to prolonged clotting times, and in severe cases, internal or external bleeding, which may be life-threatening. Beyond its role in blood clotting, vitamin K has also been found to have additional pharmacological benefits, such as anti-inflammatory effects, relief from diarrhea, reduction of mucosal swelling and congestion, and fever and pain relief. In livestock and poultry farming, vitamin K is widely used, with vitamin K3 and K4 being the most common forms. When administering vitamin K3, it is often recommended to provide calcium supplements simultaneously.
1. To prevent excessive bleeding during slaughter, vitamin K3 should be added to the feed 1-2 days before the process. The recommended dosage is 2 grams per ton of feed.
2. Adding 0.53 mg of vitamin K3 per kilogram of body weight to the feed can help shorten clotting time and reduce bleeding, thereby lowering chick mortality. This method is considered an effective supportive treatment for chicken coccidiosis.
3. For treating chicks, vitamin K3 can be administered through intramuscular injections twice daily, at a dose of 2 mg per kilogram of body weight. Alternatively, it can be mixed into drinking water. Most chicks show improvement within one day, and full recovery is typically seen by the third day.
4. When sulfa drugs or antibiotics are included in feed, they may interfere with vitamin K absorption, leading to a deficiency. Symptoms include subcutaneous hemorrhages, bruising, and internal bleeding, particularly in the chest, feet, wings, and abdominal cavity. Affected birds may appear weak, shiver, and die quickly. To prevent this, chicks can be supplemented with 0.5 mg of vitamin K3 per kilogram of feed, while pigs can receive 2–4 mg of synthetic vitamin K per kilogram of body weight.
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