In many hotels, you can see beautiful marble on the floor and intricate sandstone carvings on the walls. These decorative stones give the building a luxurious and classic feel. But have you ever wondered how these stones are transformed from raw materials into such elegant finishes? Let’s explore the process.
First, the cutting stage. Cutting is the process of slicing natural or artificial stone blocks into smaller pieces using specialized sawing equipment. Common tools include frame saws, circular saws, and wire saws. For harder stones like granite or large slabs, a frame saw is typically used. For smaller, medium-hardness stones, a circular saw works better.
A frame saw operates by pouring water mixed with iron sand or silica sand onto the blade. As the blade—essentially a long, flat steel strip—moves back and forth under pressure, it creates friction that cuts through the stone. On the other hand, a circular saw consists of a frame, blade holder, and a large diamond or cemented carbide blade. These blades can be up to 2.5 meters in diameter and are ideal for cutting stones up to 1.2 meters high. The blade's teeth impact and grind the rock, breaking it down into smaller pieces.
Next comes surface processing. After cutting, the stone’s surface may appear rough and needs refinement. This step includes several techniques: rough grinding, fine grinding, polishing, flame treatment, and chiseling.
Grinding is usually divided into five stages: coarse, semi-fine, fine, and finally polishing. Equipment used includes handheld grinders for small parts and automatic bridge grinders for larger sheets. Abrasives often consist of silicon carbide or corundum mixed with binders like resin or cement.
Polishing is the final step, giving the stone its shine and smooth texture. It enhances the natural colors and patterns of the stone. Different polishing methods are used depending on the type of stone:
1. Felt and oxalic acid polishing is ideal for softer stones like white marble, snow white, and peach red.
2. Felt and alumina polishing works best for harder stones such as sunset, ink jade, and purple bean paste.
3. White corundum grinding is used for stones like gold jade and Dandong green, which are difficult to polish with other methods.
Flame treatment involves using a torch to burn the surface of granite, restoring its natural look. Afterward, the surface is brushed to remove debris and treated with a mix of glass slag and water or a nylon fiber grinder to achieve the desired finish. Kneading is another technique where the stone surface is processed using a gangue machine. Once finished, the polished marble and granite plates are cut into their final sizes using a small diamond circular saw.
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