The liquid product synthesized from the pesticide raw material is crude oil, and the solid product is the original powder, collectively referred to as the original drug . Most pesticides cannot be used directly because of their high physical and chemical properties and high active ingredients. In practice, they need to be processed into different dosage forms.
At present, there are 12 commonly used pesticide formulations:
1. EC (EC)
The emulsifiable concentrate is mainly composed of a pesticide, a solvent and an emulsifier, and a small amount of a solvent and a stabilizer are added to some emulsifiable concentrates. The use of the solvent is mainly to dissolve and dilute the original pesticide, to help emulsify and disperse, and to increase the fluidity of the emulsion. Commonly used are xylene, benzene, toluene and the like.
Pesticide emulsifiable concentrate requires clear and transparent appearance, no granules and no floc. Under normal conditions, it does not stratify, precipitate, and maintain the original emulsification performance and efficacy. After the crude oil is added to the water, it should have good dispersibility. The emulsion is light blue transparent or translucent solution, and has sufficient stability, that is, no precipitation occurs in a certain period of time, and no oil is precipitated. A well-stabilized emulsion, the diameter of the oil sphere is generally between 0.1 and 1 micron.
At present, emulsifiable concentrate is the main dosage form used, but since the emulsifiable concentrate uses a large amount of organic solvent, the environmental load is increased after application, so there is a tendency to decrease.
2. Powder (DP)
The powder is processed by mixing the original pesticide and the filler. Some powders also incorporate stabilizers. There are many types of fillers, such as clay, kaolin, talc, and diatomaceous earth.
The quality requirements of the powder, including fineness of the powder, moisture content, pH and so on. The fineness index of the powder is generally 95% to 98% through the No. 200 mesh, and the average diameter of the powder is 30 mm; the average diameter of the powder is 10-15 μm through the No. 300 mesh. Through the No. 325 mesh (super mesh fineness), the average diameter of the particles is 5 to 12 microns. The moisture content is generally required to be less than 1%. PH value is 6~8.
Powder is mainly used for powder spraying, dusting, mixing of poisonous soil, etc., and it is not possible to add water spray.
3. Wettable powder (WP)
Wettable powders are prepared by mixing a mixture of pesticides, fillers and wetting agents.
The requirements and choices of the wettable powder for the filler are similar to those of the powder, but the requirements for the fineness of the powder are higher. The wetting agent adopts pulp waste slurry, saponin, tea dry, etc., and the dosage is 8%~10% of the total preparation; if organic synthetic wetting agent (such as anionic or nonionic) or mixed wetting agent is used, the amount is generally 2% to 3% of the preparation.
The quality requirements for wettable powders should have good wettability and high suspensibility. Wettable powders with poor suspension rate not only have poor drug efficacy, but also tend to cause crop damage. The level of levitation is related to factors such as fineness of powder, type and amount of humectant. The finer the suspension, the higher the suspension rate. The fineness index of the powder is 98% through the No. 200 mesh, the average diameter of the powder is 25 microns, the wetting time is less than 15 minutes, the suspension rate is generally in the range of 28% to 40%; the fineness index of the powder is above 96%. No. 325 mesh, the average diameter of the particles is less than 5 microns, the wetting time is less than 5 minutes, and the suspension rate is generally greater than 50%.
When the wettable powder is stored, the suspension rate tends to decrease, especially after the high temperature suspension rate decreases rapidly. If stored at low temperatures, the suspension rate drops slowly.
The wettable powder is diluted with water and used for spraying.
4. Granules (GR)
Granules are prepared by mixing a mixture of pesticides, carriers and auxiliaries.
The carrier attaches and dilutes the original drug and is the basis for the formation of particles (granules). Therefore, the carrier is required to not decompose the pesticide, and has properties such as appropriate hardness, density, adsorption, and rate of hydrolysis. Commonly used as a carrier material such as silica, diatomaceous earth, clay, purple sandstone powder, stone cinder, clay, red brick, sawdust and so on. Common additives include binders (coating agents), adsorbents, wetting agents, dyes, and the like.
The particle size range of the granules is generally between 10 and 80 mesh. Divided into micro (fine) granules (50 ~ 150 mesh), granules (10 ~ 50 mesh), large granules (pills, greater than 10 mesh) according to the size of the particle size; according to its behavior in water is divided into disintegration and non-disintegration type.
The granules are used for spreading, and have the advantages of convenient use, safe operation, wide application range and prolonged drug effect. High-toxic pesticide granules are generally used for soil treatment or seed dressing.
5. Water agent (AS)
The water agent is mainly composed of the original pesticide and water, and some also add a small amount of preservative, a few wet agents, a coloring agent and the like. The preparation uses water as a solvent, and the original pesticide has a high solubility in water, and some of the original pesticides are present in the form of a salt in water. The water agent is convenient to process and low in cost, but some pesticides are unstable in water, and long-term storage is easy to decompose and fail.
6. Suspending agent (SC)
Suspending agent, also known as a suspension, is a flowable liquid preparation. It is a mixture of auxiliaries such as pesticides and dispersants, and the diameter of the granules is less than micrometers. The suspending agent is sprayed with water, 40% carbendazim suspension, 20% diflubenzuron suspension, and the like.
7. Ultra Low Volume Spray (ULV)
An ultra low volume spray is an oily agent, also known as an oil. It is a mixture of pesticides and solvents, and some also add a small amount of cosolvents, stabilizers and so on. This preparation is designed for use with ultra-low volume sprayers, or aircraft ultra-low volume sprays that can be sprayed directly without dilution. Since the sprayed mist has a fine particle concentration, a high concentration, and a large amount of adhesion per unit of the drug-receiving area, the pesticide for processing the preparation must be highly efficient and low-toxic, requiring low solvent volatility, high density, high flash point, and crops. Security, etc. Such as 25% trichlorfon oil, 25% chlorpyrifos oil, 50% dichlorvos oil and so on.
The oil agent does not contain an emulsifier and cannot be used with water.
8. Soluble powder (SP)
The soluble powder is a water-soluble powder prepared by mixing and pulverizing a water-soluble pesticide original drug and a small amount of water-soluble filler. Some also add a small amount of surfactant. The fineness is 90% through the No. 80 mesh.
When used, water is added to dissolve the aqueous solution for use in spraying. Such as 80% trichlorfon soluble powder, 50% insecticidal ring soluble powder, 75% dikesson soluble powder, 64% wild swallow soluble powder, Jinggangmycin soluble powder.
9. Microcapsules (MC)
Microcapsules are microcapsules that encapsulate pesticide droplets with certain high molecular compounds. The microcapsules generally have a particle size of about 25 microns. It is made of the original pesticide (sac), auxiliaries, capsules and the like. The capsule skin is commonly used synthetic or natural polymer compounds, such as polyamide, polyester, animal and plant gum (such as seaweed gum, gelatin, Arabian gelatin), etc. It is a semi-permeable membrane that can control the release rate of pesticides.
The formulation is a flowable suspension which is diluted with water when used and suspended in water for foliar spray or soil application. The pesticide is gradually released from the wall of the capsule to achieve the control effect. Microcapsules are of the type of sustained release agent, have the advantages of prolonged drug efficacy, low toxicity of highly toxic pesticides, and safe use.
10. Smoke agent (FU)
The smoke agent is a powder made of a pesticide, a fuel (such as wood dust), a combustion improver (oxidant such as potassium nitrate), a flame retardant (such as clay), and the like. The fineness passes through the No. 80 mesh, bagged or canned, and is equipped with a fuse. The smoke agent can be burned after being ignited, but there is no flame. The active ingredient of the pesticide is vaporized by heat, and is cooled and condensed into solid particles in the air, and deposited on the plant to achieve the purpose of controlling diseases or pests. Soot in the air can also enter the worm through the insect's respiratory system to produce toxic effects. Tobacco agents are mainly used to control pests and diseases such as forests, warehouses, greenhouses, and health.
11. Water emulsion (EW)
The water emulsion is an oil-in-water opaque concentrated emulsion liquid pesticide dosage form. The water emulsion is prepared by a water-insoluble liquid pesticide crude oil, an emulsifier, a dispersant, a stabilizer, an antifreeze and water, and a homogenization process. Do not use oil as a solvent or just use a small amount.
The characteristics of the water emulsion are: 1. No or only a small amount of organic solvent; 2. Water as the continuous phase, the pesticide crude oil is the dispersed phase, which can inhibit the volatilization of the pesticide vapor; 3. The cost is lower than the emulsifiable concentrate; 4. No burning Explosion hazard, safer storage; 5. Avoid or reduce the toxicity and irritation of organic solvents used in emulsifiable concentrates on humans and animals, and reduce the risk of phytotoxicity to crops; 6. Reduce the acute toxicity of transdermal and oral administration of preparations, Safety; 7. Water emulsion stock solution can be directly sprayed, can be used for aircraft or ground micro-spray.
12. Water-dispersible granules (WG)
A granular pesticide formulation that rapidly disintegrates and disperses into a suspension after entering water. Produced and in the early 1980s, it is a new formulation under development. The dosage form has the advantages of suspensibility, dispersibility and stability of the wettable powder and the suspension agent, and overcomes the disadvantages of the two; compared with the wettable powder, it has good fluidity and is easy to be from the container. It has the advantages of being poured out without dust and flying; it can overcome the disadvantages of depositing agglomeration during storage, freezing at low temperature and high freight rate compared with concentrated suspending agent.
(Source: Agricultural Assistant)
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